@book{menichinelli_understanding_2018, title = {Understanding Collective Awareness Platforms with the Maker Movement. Results, reflections and future strategies from the Horizon 2020 MAKE-IT project}, editor = {Massimo Menichinelli and Maria Ustarroz Molina}, url = {https://make-it.io/}, isbn = {978-84-948142-0-4}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-01-01}, publisher = {Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia}, address = {Barcelona}, edition = {1st edition}, series = {Fab City Research Lab}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {book} } @article{millard_is_2018, title = {Is the Maker Movement Contributing to Sustainability?}, author = {Jeremy Millard and Marie N Sorivelle and Sarah Deljanin and Elisabeth Unterfrauner and Christian Voigt}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/7/2212}, doi = {10.3390/su10072212}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-01-01}, urldate = {2018-07-09}, journal = {Sustainability}, volume = {10}, number = {7}, pages = {2212}, abstract = {ICT has already revolutionized content creation and communications. In principle, today, everybody with Internet access, the right skills and equipment can produce digital content composed of virtual “bits” and make it instantly available across the globe. The same is now happening to manufacturing for everyone with access to tools like 3D printers. This inter-changeability of bits and atoms is being called the maker movement, which started as a community-based, socially-driven bottom-up movement but is today also impacting mainstream manufacturing through increased efficiencies, distributed local production and the circular economy. The maker movement thus has significant promise for increasing social, economic and environmental sustainability, but is it currently living up to this potential? This paper reports on work undertaken by the European-funded MAKE-IT project has examined this question through detailed qualitative and quantitative empirical research, including ten in-depth case studies across Europe and a detailed examination of 42 maker initiatives at Europe’s foremost city-based maker faire, supplemented by extensive secondary research. Despite the maker movement’s short history, the overall results provide sound evidence of its important though variable contribution to sustainability thus far. In addition, there is a strong gender dimension showing that females are underrepresented both as users and leaders of maker initiatives, whilst female leaders tend to achieve much higher sustainability impacts than their male counterparts. There is also clear evidence that maker initiatives in close collaboration with each other and other actors in city- and region-wide ecosystems are much more successful in achieving sustainability impacts than others.}, keywords = {case studies, digital fabrication, economic sustainability, environmental sustainability, gender, Maker Movement, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, scale, social sustainability}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } @inproceedings{menichinelli_notes_2017, title = {Notes for future research on the impact of the Fab Lab network}, author = {Massimo Menichinelli}, editor = {Andrés Briceño, Tomás Vivanco}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.1183307}, isbn = {978 956 14 2115 8}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-08-04}, booktitle = {Fabricating Society - Research Book: 13th International Fab Lab Conference and Symposium Santiago, Chile | August 2017}, pages = {34--44}, publisher = {DID}, abstract = {Throughout the years, research initiatives related to the global Fab Lab network emerged by addressing several issues with scientific articles and popular books, among the many publications. However, there are still many issues in the Fab Lab network that should be addressed by future research, specially regarding the impact of Fab Labs on society. This short contribution aims at proposing a set of research questions and methods for the Fab Lab network, that should be considered more as notes shared among members of the community than as a structured research proposal. The notes presented in this article reflect upon this topic and emerged from working in a Horizon 2020 research and innovation project of the European Union, MAKE-IT, that is specifically oriented at understanding and improving the social impact of Makers and therefore also of Fab Labs. Understanding the impact of the Fab Lab network on society is one of the most strategic directions for improving the network and its role in society. This short contribution proposes a framework, a list of research questions for moving forward in this direction, in order to start a discussion, research initiatives and potential collaborations in them.}, keywords = {Fab Lab, Platform}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } @article{unterfrauner_makers_2017, title = {Makers’ ambitions to do socially valuable things}, author = {Elisabeth Unterfrauner and Christian Voigt}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14606925.2017.1352835}, doi = {10.1080/14606925.2017.1352835}, issn = {1460-6925}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-01-01}, journal = {The Design Journal}, volume = {20}, number = {sup1}, pages = {S3317--S3325}, abstract = {Neil Gershenfeld called the Maker movement the next digital revolution as it placed the means of fabrication on people's desks. This paper looks at makers' ambition to do socially valuable things and critically reflects on their potential impact, whether makers’ societal impact can be recognised on micro- , meso- or macro-level. Paraphrasing Schumpeter, who explained innovation as a ‘new combination of production factors’, social innovation can be defined as a new combination of social practices. To add an empirical dimension, via qualitative research we have explored the expectations and values of makers. We chose to proceed from the concrete to the abstract by approaching 30 Makers with very specific issues they knew from their day-to-day work and asked them regarding their social ambitions in terms of inclusion, education and environmentalism. Eventually these questions led then to insights on the threads we outlined above.}, keywords = {maker culture, Maker Movement, maker space, Openness, social innovation}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } @article{menichinelli_data-driven_2017, title = {A data-driven approach for understanding Open Design. Mapping social interactions in collaborative processes on GitHub}, author = {Massimo Menichinelli}, url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14606925.2017.1352869}, doi = {10.1080/14606925.2017.1352869}, issn = {1460-6925}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-01-01}, journal = {The Design Journal}, volume = {20}, number = {sup1}, pages = {S3643--S3658}, abstract = {The development and adoption of digital technologies in the past decades has modified existing working conditions and introduced new ones in many fields and disciplines. This process has also influenced the field of Design especially with the Open Design and the Maker movements. The article proposes a software library for analysing networks of social interactions over time on Git projects hosted on GitHub. Such software may be useful for understanding social interactions over time on GitHub, enabling thus an overview of participation in collaborative processes and therefore advance our understanding of how platforms connects and influence makers and designers in their collaborative work on Open Design. The article show its application to three cases of (a) discussing the nature and concepts of Open Design, (b) teaching Open Design to interaction design students, (c) the development of a platform for Maker laboratories and Open Design projects.}, keywords = {community, Open Design, platforms, Process, Social network analysis}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } @article{langley_trajectories_2017, title = {Trajectories to reconcile sharing and commercialization in the maker movement}, author = {David J Langley and Marthe Zirngiebl and Janosch Sbeih and Bart Devoldere}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681317301039}, doi = {10.1016/j.bushor.2017.07.005}, issn = {0007-6813}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-01-01}, journal = {Business Horizons}, abstract = {Maker technologies, including collaborative digital fabrication tools like 3-D printers, enable entrepreneurial opportunities and new business models. To date, relatively few highly successful maker startups have emerged, possibly due to the dominant mindset of the makers being one of cooperation and sharing. However, makers also strive for financial stability and many have profit motives. We use a multiple case study approach to explore makers’ experiences regarding the tension between sharing and commercialization and their ways of dealing with it. We conducted interviews with maker initiatives across Europe including Fab Labs, a maker R&D center, and other networks of makers. We unpack and contextualize the concepts of sharing and commercialization. Our cross-case analysis leads to a new framework for understanding these entrepreneurs’ position with respect to common-good versus commercial offerings. Using the framework, we describe archetypal trajectories that maker initiatives go through in the dynamic transition from makers to social enterprises and social entrepreneurs.}, keywords = {Digital makers, Institutional logic, Maker Movement, Open source sharing, Social entrepreneurship}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } @inproceedings{unterfrauner_environmental_2017, title = {The environmental vaule of the Maker movement}, author = {Elisabeth Unterfrauner, Margit Hofer, Maria Schrammel}, url = {https://make-it.io/}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.1183435}, isbn = {978-618-5271-24-4}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-01-01}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th European Roundtable on Sustainable Consumption and Production. Towards a Greener Challenge & Evolution in the Framework of the Circular Economy}, pages = {399--409}, publisher = {Grafima Publications}, address = {Skiathos}, abstract = {The aim of this paper is to explore the environmental value of the Maker movement, which is driving digital fabrication into the mainstream. Makers are inspiring each other to create smart solutions for all types of individual needs, and address societal and environmental challenges at the same time. They share their creative ideas and solutions in collaborative workspaces and Maker fairs or on social media platforms. Is this grassroots innovation the beginning of the next industrial revolution? In the framework of a case study analysis based on ten different Maker initiatives across Europe, 39 interviews were conducted with Makers and Maker initiatives managers evaluating core questions such as possible environmental impact, value chains and energy efficient behaviours. The paper investigates if the Maker movement is to be considered a valuable resource in tackling most of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, e.g. clean water and sanitation, affordable and clean energy, responsible consumption and production.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } @inproceedings{voigt_diversity_2017, title = {Diversity in FabLabs: Culture, Role Models and the Gendering of Making}, author = {Christian Voigt and Elisabeth Unterfrauner and Roland Stelzer}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-70284-1_5}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-70284-1_5}, isbn = {978-3-319-70283-4 978-3-319-70284-1}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-01-01}, urldate = {2017-11-09}, booktitle = {Internet Science}, pages = {52--68}, publisher = {Springer, Cham}, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, abstract = {Diversity and inclusion in the technology sector is increasingly debated, specially in the context of equal opportunities for all and a shortage of experts in many tech related industries. The need to be more inclusive can refer to different age groups, people with diverse culturally and linguistically backgrounds or gender. All in all, ethnic, gender and socio-economic diversity is not yet at the forefront of fabrication laboratories (FabLabs) agendas for change. This paper aims to contribute to the discussion of diversity and inclusion by primarily elaborating gender relations in FabLabs and, to a lesser extent, discussing age and socio-economic conditions of makers. Our analysis is based on 39 interviews and the analysis of 55,450 data points extracted from the log files of 3d-printers, CNC milling machines, laser cutters and cutting plotters. This combination of qualitative and quantitative data reveals that, indeed, some machines are used more frequently by men or women. However, the main difference is in absolute numbers, i.e. women are not joining FabLabs for a variety of reasons ranging from uninviting cultures to the lack of role models in technology driven areas in general.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } @inproceedings{unterfrauner_maker_2017, title = {The Maker Movement and the Disruption of the Producer-Consumer Relation}, author = {Elisabeth Unterfrauner and Christian Voigt and Maria Schrammel and Massimo Menichinelli}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-77547-0_9}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-77547-0_9}, isbn = {978-3-319-77546-3 978-3-319-77547-0}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-01-01}, urldate = {2018-04-12}, booktitle = {Internet Science}, pages = {113--125}, publisher = {Springer, Cham}, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, abstract = {The Maker movement represents a return of interest to the physical side of digital innovation. To explore expectations and values within the Maker movement, we applied qualitative research method, interviewing 10 managers of maker initiative as well as 39 makers from eight different countries. The paper analyses how the Maker movement is contributing to a change in production, logistics and supply chains and how it changes the relationship between producer and consumer. Based on the interview data and supported by literature, the study indicates that the Maker movement has the potential to impact producer-consumer relationships in many ways. Making, on a bigger scale would mean producing locally, de-centralised and on-demand. This would have an impact on the logistics and the supply chain. Long transportation routes would be avoided and shorter supply chains would make some of the-in-between vendors obsolete. Makers as prosumers, who produce for themselves, are introducing two growing phenomena: a more personalised relationship between maker and object and personalised products as a form of self-expression.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} } @article{voigt_unpacking_2016, title = {Unpacking the openness of open evaluations}, author = {Christian Voigt, Ursula Holtgreve, Alexander Degelsegger}, url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christian_Voigt7/publication/310805984_Unpacking_the_openness_of_open_evaluations/links/58385fc608aef00f3bfa302e.pdf}, doi = {10.5281/zenodo.1183289}, issn = {1726-6629}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-11-01}, urldate = {2017-02-13}, booktitle = {Open Evaluation Conference 2016 - fteval Journal for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation}, journal = {fteval JOURNAL for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation}, volume = {43}, pages = {132-137}, publisher = {fteval}, address = {Vienna}, abstract = {The proposed paper discusses open evaluation in the context of two fields of knowledge-intensive “production” that are in varied ways and to varied degrees based on “openness” themselves: scientific publishing and peer2peer production (maker movement). The paper starts with the outline of a rough evolutionary perspective that provides a heuristic to compare various “open” processes of knowledge production, providing a meta-. We then outline the notion of open evalu-ation and explore two 'open evaluation' examples in order to illustrate the current multifacetedness of open evaluation. For a more theoretically informed exploration, we link open evaluation with theory-driven evalua-tion, participatory evaluation and Weick's (1989) description of theory building as disciplined imagination. Unpacking the term 'open evaluation' is likely to generate a conceptually rich picture of considerations to support designers of open evaluations who aim for an open evaluation approach. More concretely, the paper will discuss benefits and risks in open evaluations and point towards an evolutionary process in refining and consolidating open evaluation principles as a result of open collaboration.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } @inproceedings{voigt_empirically_2016, title = {An Empirically Informed Taxonomy for the Maker Movement}, author = {Christian Voigt and Calkin Suero Montero and Massimo Menichinelli}, editor = {Bagnoli, Franco and Satsiou, Anna and Stavrakakis, Ioannis and Nesi, Paolo and Pacini, Giovanna and Welp, Yanina and Tiropanis, Thanassis and DiFranzo, Dominic}, url = {https://make-it.io/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2017/01/INSCI_2016_v22.pdfhttp://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-45982-0_17}, isbn = {978-3-319-45981-3 978-3-319-45982-0}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-09-12}, urldate = {2017-01-26}, booktitle = {Internet Science}, pages = {189--204}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, abstract = {The Maker Movement emerged from a renewed interest in the physical side of innovation following the dot-com bubble and the rise of the participatory Web 2.0 and the decreasing costs of many digital fabrication technologies. Classifying concepts, i.e. building taxonomies, is a fundamental practice when developing a topic of interest into a research field. Taking advantage of the growth of the Social Web and participation platforms, this paper suggests a multidisciplinary analysis of communications and online behaviors related to the Maker community in order to develop a taxonomy informed by current practices and ongoing discussions. We analyze a number of sources such as Twitter, Wikipedia and Google Trends, applying co-word analysis, trend visualizations and emotional analysis. Whereas co-words and trends extract structural characteristics of the movement, emotional analysis is non-topical, extracting emotional interpretations.}, note = {DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45982-0_17}, keywords = {Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics), clustering, Co-word analysis, Computer Appl. in Social and Behavioral Sciences, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, development, Emotion profiling, Image Processing and Computer Vision, Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet), Internet science, Maker Movement, Special Purpose and Application-Based Systems, Taxonomy}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {inproceedings} }